Fingerprints

India’s Big Brother: Fingerprint And Eye-Scans Required For Food And Medicine

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…and after that comes the RFID microchip!

– India’s Big Brother: Fingerprint And Eye-Scans Required For Food And Medicine:

India collects biometric data on 1.3 billion residents for use in a nationwide identity system called Aadhaar.

The New York Times notes Big Brother has Arrived in India.

Seeking to build an identification system of unprecedented scope, India is scanning the fingerprints, eyes and faces of its 1.3 billion residents and connecting the data to everything from welfare benefits to mobile phones.

Civil libertarians are horrified, viewing the program, called Aadhaar, as Orwell’s Big Brother brought to life. To the government, it’s more like “big brother,” a term of endearment used by many Indians to address a stranger when asking for help.

Prime Minister Narendra Modi and other champions of the program say that Aadhaar is India’s ticket to the future, a universal, easy-to-use ID that will reduce this country’s endemic corruption and help bring even the most illiterate into the digital age.

The poor must scan their fingerprints at the ration shop to get their government allocations of rice. Retirees must do the same to get their pensions. Middle-school students cannot enter the water department’s annual painting contest until they submit their identification.

The Modi government has also ordered Indians to link their IDs to their cellphone and bank accounts.

Read moreIndia’s Big Brother: Fingerprint And Eye-Scans Required For Food And Medicine

Fingerprints to be Tested as ‘Currency’

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fingerprints-raw

– Fingerprints to be Tested as ‘Currency’:

Over the course of the upcoming summer months, the Japanese government will begin testing a new authentication system that will allow foreign tourists entering the Pacific nation to verify their identities using only the user’s fingerprint.

Travelers will register their fingerprints and provide an array of personal data about themselves — including credit card information — at airports upon arrival on the islands.

Read moreFingerprints to be Tested as ‘Currency’

Fingerprints For Food: Venezuela Rolls Out New Plan To Keep Shelves Stocked

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– Fingerprints for food: Venezuela rolls out new plan to keep shelves stocked:

Call it fingerprints for food. In the latest effort to keep shelves stocked in Venezuela, the government on Tuesday will begin registering the biometric information of customers who use state-run grocery stores.

President Nicolás Maduro says the measure will prevent hoarding and help keep price-controlled food from being resold for a profit on the black market. Food Minister Félix Osorio said those who sign up for the program by registering their fingerprints will be eligible for discounts and prizes.

Read moreFingerprints For Food: Venezuela Rolls Out New Plan To Keep Shelves Stocked

Millions of job seekers’ fingerprints will now be searched for criminal investigations, says FBI

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– Millions of job seekers’ fingerprints will now be searched for criminal investigations, says FBI:

For years the FBI has performed federal criminal background checks for employers and state governments, amassing tens of millions of biometric records on people accused of no crime. If you want to be a lawyer, teacher, or even bike messenger in many parts of the United States, you’ll need to submit your fingerprints to the FBI. Every single federal employee must submit their prints before employment. Until recently, the FBI claimed it would not search these civil prints when conducting criminal print matching; a wall between the civil and criminal fingerprint databases kept these distinct sets of information separate, the Bureau claimed. But in February 2015, that all changed—very quietly.

EFF‘s Jennifer Lynch:

Read moreMillions of job seekers’ fingerprints will now be searched for criminal investigations, says FBI

Venezuela To Start Fingerprinting Supermarket Shoppers

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Digital-Fingerprint-Scan-Identity

 – Venezuela To Start Fingerprinting Supermarket Shoppers (ZeroHedge, March 9, 2015):

Back in August, when we wrote about the latest instance of trouble in Maduro’s socialist paradise, we cautioned that as a result of the economic collapse in the Latin American nation (and this was even before the plunge in crude made the “paradise” into the 9th circle of hell), Venezuelans soon may need to have their fingerprints scanned before they can buy bread and other staples. This unprecedented step was proposed after Maduro had the brilliant idea of proposing mandatory grocery fingerprinting system to combat food shortages. He said then that “the program will stop people from buying too much of a single item”, but did not say when it would take effect.

Read moreVenezuela To Start Fingerprinting Supermarket Shoppers

666: The Era Of Widespread Biometric Indentification And Microchip Implants Is Here

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MICROCHIP CANCER REPORT

Flashback:

– CASPIAN RELEASES MICROCHIP CANCER REPORT:

A new paper titled “Microchip-Induced Tumors in Laboratory Rodents and Dogs: A Review of the Literature 1990–2006” has been released…

… and that is the least problem we face from having microchip implants.

They are already secretly implanting people:

– Study Analyzing The Prevalence Of RFID Chips In 3 Geographically Discrete U.S. Populations Finds That On Average 1 In 3 Individuals Carry An RFID Chip

As I and others have warned many times:

There is one thing the people have to resist or it is all over and that is microchip implants.

microchip-rfid-666-mark-of-the-beast

I love dogs (and animals in general), but having one with a microchip implant is impossible for me.

CIA Funded Mind Control Experiments – Bull & Cat Tests by Dr Delgado in the 1960s

And that was in the 1960s and that was what they wanted us to know about!!!

A microchip is not just a sender and storage of information, it is also a receiver of information. 

If you have a microchip in your body, then they can do to you and make you do whatever they want.

microchip implant
Ben Slater shows an X-ray of the microchip implanted in his hand.

– The Era Of Widespread Biometric Indentification And Microchip Implants Is Here (Economic Collapse, Sep 9, 2014):

Are you ready to have your veins scanned every time you use your bank account?  Are you ready to use a “digital tattoo” or a microchip implant to unlock your telephone?  Once upon a time we read about such technologies in science fiction novels, but now they are here.  The era of widespread biometric identification and microchip implants is upon us, and it is going to change the way that we live.  Proponents of these new technologies say that they will make our private information and our bank accounts much more secure.  But there are others that warn that these kinds of “Big Brother technologies” will set the stage for even more government intrusion into our lives.  In the wrong hands, such technologies could prove to be an absolute nightmare.

Barclays has just announced that it is going to become the first major bank in the western world to use vein scanning technology to control access to bank accounts.  There will even be a biometric reader that customers plug into their computers at home…

Read more666: The Era Of Widespread Biometric Indentification And Microchip Implants Is Here

MasterCard Joining Push For Fingerprint ID Standard

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Related info:

– Hackers Breach iPhone 5S Fingerprint Security

– MasterCard joining push for fingerprint ID standard (USA Today, Oct 2, 2013):

The addition of MasterCard will help FIDO expand its standard to more types of transactions. The company’s experience handling the multitude of existing payments industry standards will also be valuable.

SAN FRANCISCO — MasterCard is joining the FIDO Alliance, signaling that the payment network is getting interested in using fingerprints and other biometric data to identify people for online payments.

MasterCard will be the first major payment network to join FIDO. The Alliance is developing an open industry standard for biometric data such as fingerprints to be used for identification online. The goal is to replace clunky passwords and take friction out of logging on and purchasing using mobile devices.

Apple’s new iPhone 5s smartphone has a fingerprint sensor, but the tech giant is not part of FIDO. However, Google is part of the Alliance, and devices running Google’s Android operating system will have fingerprint sensors by next year.

Read moreMasterCard Joining Push For Fingerprint ID Standard

Fascist Mayor Michael Bloomberg Seeks Mandatory Fingerprinting For NYC Public Housing Residents

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– Bloomberg seeks mandatory fingerprinting for NYC public housing residents (RT, Aug 17, 2013):

The 620,000 residents living in public housing projects should be fingerprinted as a crime-prevention measure, said New York Mayor Michael Bloomberg, but many city residents protest that the proposal is an invasion of privacy.

Bloomberg, 71, who has acquired a reputation for promoting controversial ideas, including imposing a ban on the sale of large soft drinks, says his latest proposal will make public housing safer.

“The people that live (in public housing), most of them, want more police protection,” the three-time mayor said on his weekly WOR radio broadcast Friday. “They want more people. If you have strangers walking in the halls of your apartment building, don’t you want somebody to stop and say: ‘Who are you, why are you here?’”

He added: “What we really should have is fingerprinting to get in, since there’s an allegation that some of the apartments aren’t occupied by the people who originally have the lease.”

Just 5 percent of New York’s population lives in public housing, but 20 percent of the city’s reported crime is committed by residents of government-subsidized housing projects, Bloomberg said.

“We’ve just got to find some way to keep bringing crime down there.”

Read moreFascist Mayor Michael Bloomberg Seeks Mandatory Fingerprinting For NYC Public Housing Residents

Fingerprint Scans Create Unease For Poor Parents

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– Fingerprint Scans Create Unease For Poor Parents (NPR, Nov 20, 2012):

Some Mississippi parents are learning a new routine when they drop their kids off at day care centers that are taking part in a new pilot program aimed at combating fraud and saving the state money.

Under the program, the state scans parents’ fingerprints to capture biometric information, and that information is turned into a number. Then, at a day care center, parents dropping off or picking up their kids put their fingers on a pad, and a small keyboard records the exact time a child is checked in or out.

But only the parents of kids who receive subsidized child care have to do the scans, and the program is roiling some parents and day care workers.

Read moreFingerprint Scans Create Unease For Poor Parents

14 Incredibly Creepy Surveillance Technologies That Big Brother Will Be Using To Spy On You

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– 14 Incredibly Creepy Surveillance Technologies That Big Brother Will Be Using To Spy On You (The American Dream, July 9, 2012):

Most of us don’t think much about it, but the truth is that people are being watched, tracked and monitored more today than at any other time in human history.  The explosive growth of technology in recent years has given governments, spy agencies and big corporations monitoring tools that the despots and dictators of the past could only dream of.  Previous generations never had to deal with “pre-crime” surveillance cameras that use body language to spot criminals or unmanned drones watching them from far above.  Previous generations would have never even dreamed that street lights and refrigerators might be spying on them.  Many of the incredibly creepy surveillance technologies that you are about to read about are likely to absolutely astound you.  We are rapidly heading toward a world where there will be no such thing as privacy anymore.  Big Brother is becoming all-pervasive, and thousands of new technologies are currently being developed that will make it even easier to spy on you.  The world is changing at a breathtaking pace, and a lot of the changes are definitely not for the better.

The following are 14 incredibly creepy surveillance technologies that Big Brother will be using to watch you….

Read more14 Incredibly Creepy Surveillance Technologies That Big Brother Will Be Using To Spy On You

IDair’s New Fingerprint Reader Captures Prints From 6 Meters Away

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See also:

– ‘Checkpoint Of The Future’ Takes Shape At Texas Airport:

After checking their luggage, passengers would identify themselves not with driver’s licenses and paper boarding passes, but by scanning fingerprints or irises to prove they have an electronic ticket.

– IDair’s new fingerprint reader captures prints from 6 meters away (The Huntsville Times, June , 21, 2012):

HUNTSVILLE, Alabama — Forget the key card to your office building? Just wave your hand at the door, and you’re in. “You don’t have to stop at a station. Nobody checks your ID. You just walk through,” explains Clemson-educated physicist Joel Burcham of his new Huntsville company called IDair.

IDair makes a machine that Burcham says can photographically capture a fingerprint from as far away as six meters in enough detail to match against a database. Add facial and iris-recognition technology, Burcham said, and you have the basis for a good biometrics system that can control access to any building or room within a building.

Who needs this level of security? “Sooner, rather than later, we’re all going to need it,” Burcham said in a recent interview at his office at Huntsville’s HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology.

Read moreIDair’s New Fingerprint Reader Captures Prints From 6 Meters Away

Florida School District is Taking Attendance by Scanning Students’ Fingers

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Roll Call, via Fingerprint bcymet via Flickr

– A Florida School District is Taking Attendance by Scanning Students’ Fingers (POPSCI, Oct. 6, 2011):

Roll call is going high-tech in Washington County, Fla. Rather than the usual name calling and response, students are now checking into class with finger scanning devices. And to keep better track of students from the minute they come under district supervision until they are delivered safely home again, the scanners are now moving from the school building to the school bus.

The systems have been active inside Washington County schools for roughly two months, but since most of the students in the district ride the bus anyhow, officials have decided the best place for the scanners is on the buses themselves. In the next week, a handful of buses will get the scanners. If the system proves worthwhile, all buses will have them by semester’s end.

At $30 per student per year, the system isn’t necessarily cheap. But considering the uptick in attendance (which means more money from the state in many districts) and the inherent increase in accountability and student safety, it may well be worth the cost. And naturally, parents who don’t want their children fingerprinted coming to and from school for whatever reason can opt to have their kids check in with their teachers in a more analog fashion.

[WJHG]

UK Police To Carry Out On-The-Spot Fingerprinting In The Street Even For Minor Traffic Offences

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– Police to carry out on-the-spot fingerprinting in the street even for minor traffic offences (Daily Mail, August 1, 2011):

Police are now armed with a device that can scan fingerprints so they can correctly identify suspects who lie about their details.

In what sounds like something out of George Orwell’s dystopia 1984, suspects can now be finger printed in the street thanks to the new hand-held police gadget.

The mobile identification service scans a print, then checks it by trawling through a national database for the details.

But police insist they do not retain the print afterwards.

Read moreUK Police To Carry Out On-The-Spot Fingerprinting In The Street Even For Minor Traffic Offences

New Fingerprint Analysis Tech Aims To Revolutionize Drug Testing

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– Fingerprint analysis tech aims to revolutionize drug testing (The Raw Story, July 26, 2011):

A new technology that analyzes the sweat from a person’s fingertips looks to revolutionize the drug testing market, providing on-site results in minutes with a test so advanced it can even detect marijuana intoxication.

Using gold nanoparticles and special antibodies, the tech produced by British firm Intelligent Fingerprinting latches on to metabolites on the fingerprint and turns a specific color depending on which drug byproducts are detected.

While it can be configured to search for drugs like nicotine, methadone and cocaine, it also presents another innovation: helping to determine if someone is actively intoxicated on marijuana.

Read moreNew Fingerprint Analysis Tech Aims To Revolutionize Drug Testing

Video Of ‘MORIS’ Face-Recognizing iPhone Tech Which Police Across The Nation Will Roll Out This Year

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Don’t miss:

– Police Across The Nation Will Roll Out Face-Recognizing iPhone Tech This Year (POPSCI, July 14, 2011):


YouTube

Demonstrates the use of MORIS – the first of its kind mobile multi-modal biometric recognition device based on the iPhone. It is utilizing iris recognition in addition to face and fingerprint. For more information, please visit: http://www.bi2technologies.com/MORIS

Police Across The Nation Will Roll Out Face-Recognizing iPhone Tech This Year

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– Amid Privacy Fears, Police Across the Nation Will Roll Out Face-Recognizing iPhone Tech This Year (POPSCI, July 14, 2011):

A controversial piece of facial recognition technology (and a PopSci “Best of What’s New 2010” alum) is rolling out in police stations across the country this fall, and naturally not everyone is happy about it. The Mobile Offender Recognition and Identification System (MORIS) uses an augmented iPhone to snap pictures of faces, scan fingerprints, and even to image irises, and then combs through police databases looking for matching identities. This, understandably, has privacy and civil liberties advocates crying foul.

The MORIS device attaches to the back of an iPhone, adding roughly 1.75 inches to the thickness of the smartphone. Police officers armed with the tool can take a photo of a person’s face from about five feet away, or scan his or her iris from about six inches, and wirelessly beam that data to law enforcement databases elsewhere to look for a match. It can also perform remote fingerprint matching.

Similar biometric technology has been deployed by the U.S. military in places like Iraq and Afghanistan to confirm the identities of civilians entering military safe zones and to search for known insurgents at checkpoints. But rolling it out in the streets of the U.S. has plenty of people concerned with privacy and Constitutional issues.

Read morePolice Across The Nation Will Roll Out Face-Recognizing iPhone Tech This Year

California: Biometric Identification And Automatic Immigration Check For Anyone Arrested

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See also:

– DHS Portable DNA Analyzer

There are advantages and disadvantages of biometric security measures from both a technical and a social perspective.

As of last week, any person arrested and fingerprinted in California will now undergo an automatic immigration check. Biometric security measures are in widespread use, yet many issues are still debated – including privacy concerns. In this article, we are going to discuss the advantages and disadvantages of biometric security measures from both a technical and a social perspective.

California became the ninth state in which each county has activated Secure Communities, a fingerprint data-sharing program between local law enforcement offices and federal immigration enforcement agencies. Other states with complete activation include Texas, West Virginia, Florida, Arizona, Delaware, Virginia, Wisconsin and New Mexico.

Read moreCalifornia: Biometric Identification And Automatic Immigration Check For Anyone Arrested

Mexico to Become First Country To Use Iris Scans On ID cards

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Mexico will on Monday become the first country to start using iris scans for identity cards, according to the government.


Iris recognition is increasingly used in airports, controlling access to restricted areas, and prisoner booking and release Photo: GETTY

The documents, which will include the eye’s image as well as fingerprints, a photo and signature, will be 99 per cent reliable, according to Felipe Zamora, who is responsible for legal affairs at the Mexican interior ministry.

“The legal, technical and financial conditions are ready to start the process of issuing this identity document,” Felipe Zamora, responsible for legal affairs at the Mexican Interior Ministry, told journalists Thursday.

Critics, including the National Human Rights Commission, have criticised the system, expressing concern that compiling personal data could violate individual rights.

The move will be introduced gradually, with some 28 million minors taking part in a first two-year stage, due to cost $25 million (£15.6 million).

Read moreMexico to Become First Country To Use Iris Scans On ID cards

AIRPrint Biometric Security System Reads Fingerprints Up to 2 Meters Away

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While ears may be the new biometric du jour, Advanced Optical Systems (AOS) is doing its best to keep fingerprints as the preferred method for identifying enemies of the state.

The company has built a fingerprint scanner with the ability to accurately read a print up to two meters away, and our military views the system as a means to reduce the risk to soldiers at security checkpoints all over the world.

The AIRPrint system is a significant upgrade over previous biometric security systems because it allows a person’s identity to be confirmed by military personnel from behind the safety of a blast wall or armored vehicle, which keeps our serviceman out of harm’s way.

AIRPrint uses a source of polarized light and two 1.3 megapixel cameras (one to receive vertically polarized light and another to receive horizontally polarized light) in order to produce an accurate fingerprint.

Read moreAIRPrint Biometric Security System Reads Fingerprints Up to 2 Meters Away

Arizona City to Require Fingerprinting at Pharmacies

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…. to target fraud. Sure!

Plan to require fingerprinting to pick up certain prescriptions targets fraud

Peoria could become the first Arizona city to require fingerprinting at pharmacies when picking up prescriptions for commonly abused drugs in an effort to curb an escalating number of fraud cases.

Peoria law-enforcement officials this month proposed an ordinance that would require anyone filling prescriptions for drugs such as OxyContin and Percocet to show ID and be fingerprinted at the pharmacy counter, including anyone picking up a prescription for a family member or friend.

Peoria City Attorney Steve Kemp said the proposal could provide better evidence to prosecute cases.

Dan Pochoda, legal director for the American Civil Liberties Union of Arizona, called it an “overreaction.”

“This raises serious concerns about intrusion of privacy,” Pochoda said.

Read moreArizona City to Require Fingerprinting at Pharmacies

EU Tells Britain to Justify Fingerprinting Children in Schools Without Parental Consent

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The European Commission has demanded Britain justifies the widespread and routine fingerprinting of children in schools because of “significant concerns” that the policy breaks EU privacy laws.


The commission has taken up the case of a father who has battled education authorities because his daughter’s fingerprints were taken without permission Photo: ALAMY

The commissioner is also concerned that parents are not allowed legal redress after one man was told he could not challenge the compulsory fingerprinting, without his permission, of his daughter for a “unique pupil number”.

In many schools, when using the canteen or library, children, as young as four, place their thumbs on a scanner and lunch money is deducted from their account or they are registered as borrowing a book.

Research carried out by Dr Emmeline Taylor, at Salford University, found earlier this year that 3,500 schools in the UK – one in seven – are using fingerprint technology.

EU data protection rules, Brussels legislation that overrides British law, requires that the gathering of information such as biometric fingerprints, must be “proportionate” and must allow judicial challenges.

“We should be obliged if you could provide us with additional information both regarding the processing of the biometric data of minors in schools, with particular reference to the proportionality and necessity in the light of the legitimate aims sought to be achieved, and the issue concerning the availability of judicial redress,” said the letter, seen by The Daily Telegraph.

Read moreEU Tells Britain to Justify Fingerprinting Children in Schools Without Parental Consent

Police State North Carolina: Fingerprint Scanner Use Raises Privacy Concerns

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Must-see:

– Jesse Ventura Conspiracy Theory: Police State (And FEMA Concentration Camps)

RALEIGH — Next month, 13 law enforcement agencies in the region will begin using a new handheld device that lets an officer scan a person’s fingerprints and seek a match in an electronic database – all without going anywhere.

Police say taking fingerprints in the field will allow them to work more efficiently and safely. But the ACLU North Carolina in Raleigh worries that the device may allow officers to violate privacy rights.

The ACLU is concerned about what will become of fingerprint scans that are sent to other databases, such as the National Crime Information Center.
Carolina Hurricanes vs Washington Capitals 12/26

“Part of the danger is the idea of the government creating a database on its citizens,” said Sarah Preston, policy director for ACLU North Carolina. “Citizens should be allowed some degree of privacy.”

But those concerns are unwarranted, said Sam Pennica, director of the City-County Bureau of Identification, the agency that processes fingerprints in Wake County and is providing the devices to local agencies. The software for the device, known as Rapid Identification COPS Technology, would not store fingerprints of any individuals, even those charged with a crime, Pennica said.

“It will not retain the fingerprints of any individuals under any circumstances,” he said, adding that fingerprints would only be compared to those in the Wake County database. “They will not be submitted to any state or federal agency.” (Sure! Watch former Governor Jesse Ventura and let’s see if you still believe this.)

Read morePolice State North Carolina: Fingerprint Scanner Use Raises Privacy Concerns

Big Brother: One In Three UK Schools Now Fingerprinting Kids

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the-students-will-be-scanned-using-new-biometric-technology
Crackdown: One in three secondary students will be forced to submit an electronic fingerprint in order to carry out basic administration at school

One in three secondary schools is forcing children to swipe their fingerprints just to register in class or take out library books, it emerged yesterday.

Figures diclosed under the Freedom of Information Act show how ‘Big Brother’ technology is becoming widespread in schools.

Thirty per cent of high schools are taking fingerprints simply to speed up basic administration such as borrowing books, registering in the mornings and buying canteen lunches.

It means tens of thousands of pupils have had their prints taken at school.

Read moreBig Brother: One In Three UK Schools Now Fingerprinting Kids

US: ID Card for Workers Is at Center of Immigration Plan

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id-cards_001

(Wall Street Journal) — Lawmakers working to craft a new comprehensive immigration bill have settled on a way to prevent employers from hiring illegal immigrants: a national biometric identification card all American workers would eventually be required to obtain.

Under the potentially controversial plan still taking shape in the Senate, all legal U.S. workers, including citizens and immigrants, would be issued an ID card with embedded information, such as fingerprints, to tie the card to the worker.

The ID card plan is one of several steps advocates of an immigration overhaul are taking to address concerns that have defeated similar bills in the past.

The uphill effort to pass a bill is being led by Sens. Chuck Schumer (D., N.Y.) and Lindsey Graham (R., S.C.), who plan to meet with President Barack Obama as soon as this week to update him on their work. An administration official said the White House had no position on the biometric card.

“It’s the nub of solving the immigration dilemma politically speaking,” Mr. Schumer said in an interview. The card, he said, would directly answer concerns that after legislation is signed, another wave of illegal immigrants would arrive. “If you say they can’t get a job when they come here, you’ll stop it.”

The biggest objections to the biometric cards may come from privacy advocates, who fear they would become de facto national ID cards that enable the government to track citizens.

“It is fundamentally a massive invasion of people’s privacy,” said Chris Calabrese, legislative counsel for the American Civil Liberties Union. “We’re not only talking about fingerprinting every American, treating ordinary Americans like criminals in order to work. We’re also talking about a card that would quickly spread from work to voting to travel to pretty much every aspect of American life that requires identification.”

Read moreUS: ID Card for Workers Is at Center of Immigration Plan

Poland: Priest checks fingerprints for mass attendance

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WARSAW (Reuters) – A Polish priest has installed an electronic reader in his church for schoolchildren to leave their fingerprints in order to monitor their attendance at mass, the Gazeta Wyborcza daily said on Friday.

Oddly Enough

The pupils will mark their fingerprints every time they go to church over three years and if they attend 200 masses they will be freed from the obligation of having to pass an exam prior to their confirmation, the paper said.

The pupils in the southern town of Gryfow Slaski told the daily they liked the idea and also the priest, Grzegorz Sowa, who invented it.

“This is comfortable. We don’t have to stand in a line to get the priest’s signature (confirming our presence at the mass) in our confirmation notebooks,” said one pupil, who gave her name as Karolina.

Read morePoland: Priest checks fingerprints for mass attendance